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Linux And Recognition

A. A Brief History of LinuxLinux started from the development system called UNIX by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie who came from AT & T Bell Labs, in 1968. Because the purpose of the UNIX operating system is multi user and multi-tasking, then the UNIX rewritten using the C language (previously using language B). This allows for didevelop to different hardware platforms without having to write specific code. So develop it still continues to survive until today.

Bell to license these operating systems to several institutions, one of them to the Department of Computer Science University of California Berkeley, which eventually resulted in several cloning UNIX code with BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution). Professor Andrew Tanenbaum has been developing the Unix operating system that runs on personal computers of MINIX (Mini UNIX). But this system does not have all the functions desired UNIX student at the time, especially for the student named Linus Trovalds.

Linux came in 1991, developed by the student named Linus Trovalds with the purpose of making the free operating system like UNIX but with Traffic compatible with the PC. September 1991, Linux was first launched with a length of 10 239 lines source code for version 0.01. The next development releases version 0.95 which is considered most important, being able to run the X Windows System. On May 9, 1996, was inaugurated as the Linux mascot Tux made by Larry Ewing in accordance with the statement "Linus likes penguins". Tux name itself is taken from Unix to honor Trovalds Trovalds as Linux developer Linus.

Initially, Linux was released under a license that prohibits commerciality. But in its development, Linus Trovalds change the license to the GNU General Public License. The license allows distribution or sale of even a modified version of Linux but with a note that all these distributions Haras under GNU GPL and should be with the source code program.

Here are some examples of features of Linux:1. Multi-tasking, able to run a couple of process at a time.2. Multi User, where several users can operate on the same machine and at the same time.3. Multi-Processing, where SMP (symmentric multiprocessing) for Intel and SPARC and other platforms4. Memory management is good, that is using the system pagging (diskpagging).5. Supports various file system, where all files can be implemented.6. Availability of source code, all the existing source code tersidia, including kernel and drivers, making it easier for the user program development.7. Available in livecd version.

B. Linux DistributionsThere are many versions or distributions of Linux (more commonly known as Distro), made by individuals, groups, or other institution. Each program includes the operating system and additional application programs to be installed on the computer, but there also includes a complete program that can be run directly from CD boot process (live-CD).

The core of every Linux distro is a Linux kernel, a collection of programs from the GNU project (or projects), shell, and aturcara utilities such as libraries (libraries), compiler, and editing (editor). Most systems also include aturcara and non-GNU utilities, but can be exiled and still provide system-unix-style. Some examples are aturcara and utilities from BSD and X-Window System (X-Window System), X provides a Graphical Interface (GUI) which is the basis for a Linux system.

Some Distributions (distros) are commonly used:1. Ubuntu Based on: Debian, Ubuntu Origin: Isle of Man Architecture: i386, powerpc, sparc64, x86_64 Desktop: GNOME Category: Beginners, Desktop, Server, Live Medium, Netbooks Status: Active

2. Fedora Based on: Independent Origin: USA Architecture: i686, x86_64 Desktop: GNOME, KDE, LXDE, Openbox, Xfce Category: Desktop, Server, Live Medium Status: Active

3. Linux Mint Based on: Debian, Ubuntu Origin: Ireland Architecture: i386, x86_64 Desktop: Fluxbox, GNOME, KDE, LXDE, Xfce Category: Beginners, Desktop, Live Medium Status: Active

4. PCLinuxOS Based on: Independent Origin: USA Architecture: i586 Desktop: Enlightenment, Fluxbox, GNOME, IceWM, KDE, LXDE, Openbox, Xfce Category: Beginners, Desktop, Live Medium Status: Active

5. BackTrack Based on: Debian, Ubuntu Origin: Switzerland Architecture: i386 Category: Forensics, Rescue, Live Medium Status: Active

C. Some Applications Under Linux

1. Applications Office (office suite)OpenOffice: microsoft office replacement

2. InternetMozilla Firefox: browser internet explorer replacementXchat: IRC chat client mirc replacementPidgin: instant-messenger yahoo messenger replacementFileZilla: FTP Client replacement cute-ftp or ws-ftpAria: Download manager replacement IDM (internet download manager)

3. Graphic Design, Animation and Desktop PublishingGimp: Adobe Photo-Shop substituteInkscape: replacement Corell drawScribus: adobe page maker replacementQflash: macromedia flash replacementBlender: 3D-Max replacement

4. Web DesignNVU: replacement macromedia dream weaver and the front pageLifrea: RSS feed readerScreem: HTML EditorGPHPEdit - PHP Editor

5. Multimedia EditorKino: Flick editor (like Adobe Premiere on Windows)Audacity: Sound editorAvidemux: Avi (divx / xvid) editorIstanbul: Live screen capture (Used to capture current screencast)

6. Multimedia Playermplayer: movie playerXMMS: mp3 player winamp substituteEasyTAG - MP3 Tag Editor

7. CD / DVD Burner / BackupBrasero: Nero Burner replacement is under GnomeK3B: Nero Burner replacement is under KDE

8. Emulator / Virtual PC& Kqemu QEMU Accelerator - Emulation (like VMWare in windows)

D. Fundamental Differences In LinuxOne thing that sets Linux to other operating systems is price. Linux is cheaper and can be copied and redistributed without having to pay a fee or royalty to anyone. But there are other things more than the main consideration is the price of the source code. Linux source code available to everyone so that everyone can be involved directly in development.Differences linux to windows:User InterfaceIn Windows, you do not have much choice of user interface. For example, in Windows 95/98 you only know the default user interface of Windows 95/98. You are a little more luck if you use Windows XP, because you can move from the interface of Windows XP to Windows 98 which is lighter.In Linux, you can find many kinds of user interface. And usually the choice is the user interface you can customize to your computer specifications or your work environment. For example, on a slow computer you can use a lightweight user interface, such as XFCE or Fluxbo x.

Security and VirusOne of the main problems in Windows that most often you find is a virus and spyware. From year to year, this problem is not shrinking but actually growing. This all happened because a lot of security holes in Windows that could be exploited by people who are not responsible.Because too many security problems in Windows, it is not surprising then it appears ribbing for the name Windows Vista, which lengthen the Viruses, Spyware, Trojan and Adware.Linux is derived from the Unix operating system that has a stronger level of security. That's why there are not many viruses on Linux and even if there could not reproduce rapidly and are usually not able to bring great damage.Although not as important as in Windows, you can still find antivirus programs on Linux, such as ClamAV and F-Prot.SpywareSpyware is a fairly common problem in the world of Windows. Usually spyware program to observe, collect and transmit your data to a server. For something more positive, t he program is usually used for marketing purposes.Unfortunately, there is also a bad intention is to steal identities, credit cards, and other negative actions.Not many spyware programs that infect Linux considering the workings of Linux are more difficult to penetrate.Installation and Production ProgramWindows is the operating system, which is why Windows does not provide many programs once installed. If anything maybe you'll only find Internet Explorer, Media Player, Notepad, and several other small programs.This is very different from Linux. Although Linux is an operating system, but Linux is distributed with many programs in it (which is why the technical term is distribution - from the word distribution - Linux). Once installed, you will find many courses of nearly all categories of programs. Call it the category Office Suite, Multimedia (Sound, Video, Graphics), Internet (Browsers, Email, Chat, Downloader, Messenger, Torrent, News), 3D, Games, Utility, etc..With the in stallation of nearly the same time, you not only get an operating system but also all the programs needed for daily activities in Linux.Partition HarddiskLinux does not recognize the naming of drive C: for a partition. All the drives together in a large storage system. Folder / mnt is the place for you to access all media on the computer, either another partition, CD-ROM, Floppy, or FlashDisk.Later KDE has made access to the media by providing Media Storage systems that are accessible through My Computer or the file manager Konqueror.

Naming FilesLinux uses "/" to separate folder instead of "" commonly used DOS / Windows. Linux is case-sensitive, this means that the file "Hello.txt" different from the file "hello.txt". Linux is also not too much attention to the file extension. If you rename the file "Hello.txt" to "Hello", Linux still know that this is a text file. And when you click on the file "Hello", Linux will still automatically open a text editor program.

Convenience and SafetyYou may already know, that as a normal user (not root) you can not write files in any folder. Regular user only has write access in their home folders. As a regular user, you will not be able to change an important part of the system. It may seem too restrictive and cumbersome, but this way is much more secure, because only certain people who have access Root who can touch the system. Even viruspun can not easily touch the Linux system. That's why you have not heard of any virus in Linux.This is different from Windows is very vulnerable to the virus. This occurs because a normal user in Windows also has the right as well as an administrator. Most Windows users do not know this, so that their systems are vulnerable to virus attacks. Windows Vista now has adopted the Linux system is security.

DefragIn Windows, you may often encounter problems decrease speed of Windows. One of the causes usually are the files on my hard drive that is no longer compact. that's why you are advised to use the Defrag program.In Linux you will not find a program to defrag the hard drive. You do not need to defragment the hard drive Linux! Linux file system that handles all this automatically. But if your hard drive is filled to 99% you will get the speed issue. Make sure you have enough space so that Linux handles system and you will never get the problem deframentasi.

File SystemWindows have two system files. FAT (from DOS and Windows 9x) and NTFS (from Windows NT/2000/XP). You can read and even save files on FAT and NTFS system of Windows. This does not apply otherwise, Windows will not be able to read or save files on Linux systems.As with Windows, Linux has several kinds of file systems, such as ReiserFS or Ext3. This system is in some ways better than FAT or NTFS of Windows since implementing a technique called journaling. This journal keeps records of the file system. When a Linux system crashes, the journal of activities will be completed after the reboot and all the files on my hard drive will keep running smoothly.

3D DesktopThe technology is likely to be presented in the latest operating system is a 3D Desktop. Windows start in Windows Vista with Flip 3D feature. not long before the Linux Desktop 3D feature a much more complete, such as Flip 3D, 3D Cube, 3D Ring, and others.In Vista, the 3D feature is less popular because it requires high computer specs. In contrast to Linux that can run the 3D Desktop features on a computer with specs that are very low. Linux is well known from the beginning on the server side, now it shows skill on the desktop to surpass Windows in terms of 3D Desktop.

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Information About Different Types of Linux Website Hosting

Today Linux is widely popular operating system for personal computer because it is open sources operating system for personal computers, web server or digital devices. Linux operating system has no different types but Linux operating system is differed by its distributors and extremely popular in professional website hosting industries. Today more and more website hosting providers sells Linux hosting plans/packages due to its open source flexibility and affordability and their compatibility with different programming languages and platforms such as MySQL. Java, PHP, XML etc. But remember one thing not every Linux Website Hosting plans are same with features, prices and versions but its depend on Website Hosting Providers.

You can find following list of Different types of Linux used in Website Hosting

CentOS

CentOs is developed by Red Hat Enterprise Linux and its widely known as community enterprise. It is abbreviation of Community Enterprise Operating System and widely used as Linux web server. Some Hosting providers or business owners used CentOS for corporate hosting environment and its popular hosting control panel cPanel. Its latest version is 6 with i386, x86-64 architecture.

Ubuntu

It is popular computer operating system based on Debian GNU/Linux distribution and its primarily designed for desktop use. Ubuntu is containing all basic applications and tools for website hosting and personal computers such as offices suite, web browser, instant massaging etc. Ubuntu is free and easy to install then other Linux versions and you can download easily from its officials site. You can also used Ubuntu as web server operating system.

Kubuntu

It is derivation of Ubuntu Linux operating system means its used KDE Plasma Desktop instead of the GNOME graphical environment. Its features and functionality is similar to Ubuntu and its flexible operating system for home and commercial use.

Debian

It is open source software and under with GNU General Public License. It is used Linux kernel and GNU os tools. Its architecture and functional components are similar to Kubunty and Ubuntu. It is compatible to UNIX technology and used UNIX style command. It is offering high performance with low powered web server and computers thats why website hosting company used with Linux website hosting plans.

Finally all above linux versions have their own functionality and features and Linux website hosting reseller Company provides suitable plan which fits with your requirement.

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How to Obtain an Usable Copy of Gnu/linux (Linux)

How to Obtain An Usable Copy of Linux

There are many distributions of the GNU/Linux operating system. Many of those distributions are available online at their perspective distributor's site or mirror sites. This article will show how to obtain a distribution copy of Linux and make that copy usable.

In order to perform this task the following items are needed:

1) Available hrad disk space; 2) 1 CD or DVD; 3) An optical drive that burns DVDs and CDs; a burning utility such as Nero Burning ROM or Roxio.

Steps for obtaining an usable copy of Linux:

1. Select the best fitting Linux distribution for the needs of the system. There are many different distributions of GNU/Linux. The variety represents the different groups that are being targeted. For instance, some distributions simply general purpose desktops while others may be specifically geared toward the scientific community or multimedia. Research the different distributions and select the one that best fits the needs at hand.

2. After selecting the distribution to be installed:

a) go to the distributor's website;

b) navigate to the download page;

c) select the correct version for the system that it will be installed on (32/64-bit)

d) download the image file onto the hard disk. Remember the location the file was downloaded.

3. Most Linux distributions are saved into image files. The most common is an iso file. The image file must be burned to disk CD/DVD in order to be useful. DO NOT use Windows simple burning utility to do this. Windows burning utility will simply copy the image file to the CD/DVD in the same state that it is when it was downloaded. The burning utilties like Nero Burning ROM and Roxio have a special utility that will burn the image to CD/DVD as it was intended. So run your disk burning program and follow the instructions for burning an image to disk.

The end result you will have a bootable CD/DVD that can be used to install Linux on the target computer. Note that many distributions are also Live distributions, which means that you can run the Linux operating system straight from the CD/DVD without having to install it on the hard disk. This feature allows a testing of Linux before actually installing it.

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How to Execute Windows Software Under Linux

How to Run Windows Programs Under Linux

One great way in which to help in the transition from Microsoft Windows and Linux is to be able to run those important Windows programs under Linux. There happen to be two main ways to run a Windows programs under Linux. One method would be by using a virtual machine (vm). Within the virtual machine you will actually run a full copy of the Microsoft Windows operating system with Linux passing resource control to the virtual machine. Note this requires a licensed copy of the Microsoft Windows operating system.

The other way in which you can run Windows programs under Linux is with the use of Wine. Wine is sometimes thought of a Windows Emulator, but according to the producers of Wine it is not an emulator but can execute Windows programs without emulating Windows, but by using its own files. The following is steps needed to install Wine on your Linux machine.

1. Downloading Wine: Many Linux distributions have a copy of Wine stored within their repositories. Following the steps for your particular distribution to download and install Wine is suggested. Alternatively, going to the Wine project website at

2. Installation: Many of the Linux distributions will automatically install a piece of software that has been downloaded from its repository. Those that do not will give instruction on how to install software downloaded from their repository. When downloading from , you will also find instructions on how to install the software. Many distributions of Linux come equipped with a software installer that is executed automatically when the proper extension is recognized by the Linux distribution. For instance, the installer will be executed when .deb is downloaded in Debian, Ubuntu and distributions based on Ubuntu.

Note that Wine is a work in progress and not all Windows program can be executed with Wine, but there are thousands that do and more and more are being added that can be.

Either method that you choose can be used but of the two Wine is more cost effective and the use of a virtual machine is more likely to be able to execute all Windows programs

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How to Try and Use a Robust PC Linux OS for Free

There are other computer operating systems out there besides Microsoft Windows. The Linux family of Operating Systems has been out there for years. Linux has come a long way and now operates and looks like Windows except its faster, a lot more stable, and you can multi task without slowing down. Linux OS is free and so is all of the additional application you can install. The steps given below are to guide you in downloading the software and burn it to a CD. You can try it out without touching your hard drive. All you need to do is boot your PC from your CD. Your hard drive is untouched.

Step1:

Go to the PC Linux website: /index.php?option=com_ionfiles&Itemid=28 , select the download site, then select save to disk. The size of the ISO is approximately 698 MB.

Since this is an ISO file you will need software to burn the ISO to a CD. If you already have this software you can skip Steps 2 and 3.

Step2:

Go to: / to download the Imgburn software to your PC.

Step3:

Install the Imgburn software to your PC. This software is simple to use and will take your Linux OS and burn it to the CD.

Step4:

Using your ISO burning software, locate the PC Linux 2007 OS you downloaded and prepare to burn it to a CD.

Step5:

Place the Linux OS CD into your CD drive, turn on your pc and either select your boot drive or go into BIOS Setup to change your boot drive sequence to your CD drive. When you turn on your PC you will see something like: Select F2 for Boot Sequence or Select F12 to enter setup.

Step6:

As Linux OS is loading, follow the on screen instructions and in about 2 minutes you will have a robust PC Linux OS to try out.

Step7:

Make a decision if you want to keep it or not or even install it on an old computer. All your Word, Excel, Pictures, and Music files can be used on Linux. All software is included and even tons more you can download. Youll never have to buy software again.

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How to install Linux in Windows

Many of Windows users are afraid of installing Linux near Windows because they are afraid of loosing their data and currently installed operating system; they are also afraid of creating partitions for Linux. But there is something what can help us - it's Wubi - the unofficial Ubuntu Linux installer created for Microsoft system. With Wubi Linux is being installed as normal Windows program; in addition, installation process is performing from Windows. Wubi is excellent for people who just want to try Linux avoiding messing Windows partitions. If user decide that he don't need Linux anymore, he just have to simply uninstall it, as any other Windows application.

To install Ubuntu Linux with Wubi installer, we must download it first - we can do it from Wubi official site: After entering at site we have to click on big "Download Now" button and after few minutes we have the installer on our computer.

When we have installer on hard disk, it's time to run it. On the left we must choose hard disk on which we want to install Ubuntu Linux (C: or D: - I recommend D:) The next step is to choose ammount of space, which we want to reserve for our new system. I recommend ~5GB. At "Desktop environment" section choose "Ubuntu". Now we have to choose our language, username and password which we want for Linux. Next we have to click on "Install".

Now Wubi will start downloading and installing cd image with Ubuntu Linux; it will take about 1 - 1,5h. After this, we have to restart computer. Ok, it's finished now :)

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